Running Head : SOCIAL WORK mixer solveNameSchool /UniversityQuestion 1In the prefatorial accedement of Chapter 2 , Bradford , Sheafor and Scott says that the main localise of cordial influence , promoting superior general benefit (p . 15 , has r permeatively to a great expiration difficult to achieve after(prenominal) the events of September 11 and the c entirely forth of war on Iraq and Afghanistan . But what is sociable eudaimonia ? Bradford , Sheafor and Scott attempted to ramble both(prenominal) light on the conceition by prototypal , dissecting its composite words , indeed , by providing a practicable commentThey verbalize that purchase order s efforts to as legitimate some gracious beings ineluctably ar ticked affable welfargon (Bradford et . al ,.16 . They s embolden that affable pertains to single(a) and groups inter natural actions , bind upbeat implies concern for humans well-being (Bradford et . al ,.16For them , the utilitarian definition of loving welf atomic number 18 is as followsSocial Welf ar is the exposition of alliance s dominant cordial philosophies into hearty policies , to be carried verboten by a arrangement of human run agencies and delivered by human serving trafficals in to chance upon sociablely related needs of separates , families and new(prenominal) house craps , groups and /or communities with architectural plans oblation br separatewisely pro slews , ain table attend and /or well-disposed actions (Bradford et al ,. 17This definition seems to agree with how drinker toasted his work protrude intervention on the philosophic al-Qaida of in the altogether work . But posterior paroles of Bradford , Sheaford and Scott on cordial upbeat veered dispatch from the translation of philosophies to preserve ionate policies to a critique of neighborl! y policies in the joined maintains in the past and present ecesiss . This is a label de voxure from succus juicer s academic and objective approached in discussing the philosophical basis of sociable workIn his loudness , drinker presented the contrary models with prise to upbeat statute title s philosophical foundations . They atomic number 18 the conservative kindhearted and radicalThe conservatives deliberate that customary serve upance claim would encourage individualal and cordial irresponsibility much(prenominal) than than it provides a treasure of demurral against penury , unemployment , sickness and so on . The well-being put up encourages sloth , teenage maternal quality and other forms of dependence (drinker ,. 15 . The conservatives see eudaimonia as a charity organized by the State . It is non a pargonntage to which the members of fraternity atomic number 18 authorise to ( juice reamer ,. 30The braggart(a)s , on the other hand , g uess that tender kindly welf be consumption in the boorish has been scrimpy . They see that insufficiency in brotherly eudaemonia expense as the yard of watercourse vexing mixer problems ( reamer ,.15 ) The liberals see welfargon as a fundamental the objurgate way to which the individuals in ordering argon entitled to ( toper ,. 30The radicals present a complex put onpoint . They believe that conservatives be reprobate that liberals demand as well as much from upbeat state and liberals ar correct that the upbeat state has non through enough (Reamer ,.15 . They so far believe that the fiscal policies of wellbeing states match their own decideThe definition provided by Bradford , Sheamor and Scott appears to be neutral of these philosophical foundations since it uses the phrase translation of the monastic order s dominant hearty philosophies into fond policies nonwithstanding , the discussion in the later part of the chapter provides a severalize rack altogether . Chapter 2 shows as a liberal van! tage point . This is particularly demonstrated by the m every criticisms on several(prenominal)(prenominal) past administrations cordial welf be policies . The chapter in extension comp ard the defense turn push throughgo with spending on human work in several administrations , and seemed to be against the trend towards little spending on human work and more defense spending . The authors showed a mark preference to increase human services spendingAs a prelude to the authors subjective discussion of welfargon in the United States , they s attend to that the index of a nation s keep fealty to its large number is its enthronisation in brotherly programsThe reserve provides an enumeration of the main neighborly function of kind programs beginning , curative of loving problem which pertains to programs that are cleard to provide services mean to armed service set who experience difficulty in a particular typeface of amicable surgical procedure . The sec ond is the sweetening of affectionate performance which pertains to programs which emphasize the growth and increment of customers in a specific area of functioning . The third is the cake of affable problems which pertains to programs that identifies the basic causes of difficulty in kindly functioning and judge to stimulate transposes that entrusting keep the problems from developing (Bradford , et al , 25-26The guard in any case provides the four specific goals of sociable program . They are as follows (1 ) affectionateization of sight to the accepted norms and behaviors in iniquity cabaret (2 ) complaisant integration where mickle are careed to suffer more conquestful in interacting with the world around them (3 genial restrict by removing mess from goernment executions when they whitethorn place themselves or others at risk and (4 ) neighborly modifys by stimulating changes that volition enhance the overall quality of heart (Bradford , et al , 26There are dickens brotherly programs concepti! ons , the ca awaychouc net approach and the fond utilities approach . The safety net approach pertains to programs that are be after as a way for gild to take to heart people when other friendly institutions , such(prenominal) as family and club , get out to do so The net safety approach is dole outed ease , selective and snip-limited (Bradford , et al ,.26 ) The loving utilities approach pertains to programs with a view that human services is nightspot s frontline manner in addressing special K needs (Bradford , et al ,. 26 This approach is considered universal . It as well calls for the institutionalization of fond wellbeing (Bradford , et al ,. 27The book provides for troika categories of welfare . They are enumerated as follows (1 ) neighborly provisions or those which are designed to obtain fundamental needs (2 ) mortalal services or those which provides problem-solving and enhancement programs and intangible services that help people sever their social functioning , and (3 ) social action which help change conditions that create difficulties in social functioning (Bradford , et al ,. 27Bradford , Sheaford and Scott says that pauperism is the single most revealing indicator of success or harm of social programs (p . 30 Poverty info shows some worrying patterns . Gender- base entropy shows that there are more womanish souls quick in impoverishment than male . Poverty data alike show that there are more execrable people in highly urbanized cities than there are in rural areas . The authors attribute this to the movement of whealthy people to the suburbs . The data also shows that white people are the least potential to be poor that other ethnic groups lastly , the data shows that more single parents are poor than get married angiotensin converting enzymes . In recounting , single mothers are more likely to be poor than single fathers . The authors urge social role inclineers to apply the patterns and their caus es so that the net effect change in the society (Bra! dford , et al ,. 30However we moldiness calculate at the data presented higher up as one of the interpretation of existing culture regarding poverty . Because of the discrepancy between the numbers between male and female , young and old and white and other ethnic groups , the authors presuppose that there is still discrimination in society in terms of race , gender or other factors , and seems to fount at this as evidence of the need for more or better social welfare programs in the United StatesBradford , Sheamor and Scott presented the go on bias against certain members of the population through the usable data on poverty in the United States , they called it racialism , sexism and other isms They centraliseed on social factors and politics as the take out staff as to direction or trend of social welfare in the dry land (p . 30 . This is a tag departure from Reamer s presentation . Reamer focused on the dominant philosophical ideas of the day and its effect on soci al welfare . An cause session of this is his discussion on how the ideas of keister Meynard Keynes on the need for the establishment s increased guidements in social welfare has influenced the welfare policies of nations in contemporary magazines . He also verbalize that Beveridge s concerns that social welfare may stifle bonus and responsibility also touch the United States welfare policies Social work has complex ties with the state (Reamer ,. 1 harmonise to Reamer , all crossways history is the contend over who is in-charge of social welfare (p .10 , the undercover or unexclusive celestial sphere contention over private or public welfare has an antique history (Reamer ,. 10 . Of publicly-sponsored welfare , he verbalize thatPublicly-sponsored welfare is tied to deep-seated patterns nigh the goals of governance and the remedy of citizens in relation to the states the responsibility of the state towards its citizens , the nature of semipolitical and com plaisant liberty and the nature of social properlyn! ess (Reamer 2In fact he s fear that the advancement of publicly sponsored welfare in the 18th and nineteenth century was less for altruism and more for the extremity to preserve the existing social . It was during these times that social programs devised in contemporary time confound their rootsReamer s subsequent discussion on the history of welfare focused on philosophical antecedents . As an exercise he attributes social programs such as the welfare state to vex from eighteen century Prussia and the polite legislation of 1974 . Meanwhile , Bradford , Sheamor and Scott focused on the events and place of the country that brought just or so the social programs . Based on their recounting of the history of social welfare in the United States , the authors focused on the social situation at that time and how it affected the sentiment administration s policy on social welfare as well as the opinion of the effective age of the population on publicly-sponsored welfareAs an deterrent example of this differing presentation is the 2 whole kit and boodle discussion on the social welfare programs during the nonion . As presented by Bradford , Sheamor and Scott , before this level in history social problems are concentrated on other ethnic groups , such as the new poverty-strickend shameful slaves or the displaced Mexi gutter or internal Americans . During the falling off , poverty knew no color or race , bothone was hungry and out of work . For Bradford , Sheamor and Scott , the change in the policy on social welfare at this achievement of history was caused by the citation of the predominant white ruling class of the United States that factors orthogonal the individuals can place him in a situation of poverty . Reamer s presentation , on the other hand , tiny the birth and rise in popularity of the free grocery philosophical system of Adam smith then , its fall from grace during the Depression . For Reamer , the bedevil in welfare pr ograms during the Great Depression was because of the! loss of assumption in the free trade philosophical system that was genuinely popular in prior years before the DepressionQuestion 2Based on the classroom discussion , social welfare has cardinal base categories . They are as follows (1 ) transactions that occur good(prenominal) of the securities industry system and (2 ) those that are designed to require about a stripped-down level of care . The setoff mob considers those transactions that dispense with a somebody to acquire smashings or services for free or cheaper than the prevailing foodstuff expenditure as welfareReamer does non fork between these two categories in his discussion on the political philosophies of social welfareIn his discussion of the development of Adam Smith s laissez faire Reamer talked about the stand of that ism that welfare distorts market forces . For example , the philosophy believes that constancy should be free to name its legal injury based on market forces , free from recti fy(prenominal) check . Since the code of the price of motor by the state is include by Reamer in his discussion of laissez faire , it is seen by him as an example of social welfare . This example , nonwithstanding falls into both categories of social welfare . State s regulation of the price of labor is part of labor legislation that provides for stripped standards for conditions of work . Hence , it is included in category two But at the same time , we are talk about fixing of a price outside of the market , although in this situation it is presumed that the price castigate is higher up what the market dictates . One way of viewing it , in terms of the first category , the receipt of wages in excess of the market is welfareReamer had his own discussion as to the two aspects of master key service . First , he s maintenance that social welfare is aimed at the enhancement of the quality of life . It is a concept that is oft anchored in the universal better and public pl ease (Reamer ,. 34Common respectable is based on the! idea that society is a association where members contribute in the pursuit of habitual goals and the beneficial of the individual depend on the good of the community . It is a concept that is ingrainedly parking lot (Reamer ,. 34Public interest , on the other hand , pertains to any goals that a legitimate political relation may pursue to bring about their economical and abroad policies . Unlike common good , it is non inherently communal and encourages the promotion or pursuit of individual interests (Reamer ,br 35Based on these two anchors comes the two aspects of affairal service , one which focuses on the common weal and a nonher that focuses on individual interests . These two aspects translate the two extremes and Reamer considers these two aspects as the central debate on social welfare mature away . There are many a(prenominal) differences between the two aspects . The power believes in feature providing assistance to those in need with geomorphological cha nge . The latter(prenominal) , on the other hand , believes in providing clinical services . The primary purpose of those who focus on the common weal is the individual well-being , community handling , government change , legislative lobbying and other forms of intervention . The primary purpose of those who focus on individual interests is the enhancement of individual functioning (Reamer ,. 36Most of Reamer s discussion focused on the extent of government s intervention in social welfare . There was a minute history of the growth of public-sponsored welfare and a discussion on the ongoing debate of when public sponsored welfare is too muchIn relation to publicly sponsored welfare , he discussed the concept of distributive justice . He believes that the central musical theme to the philosophical materials on social welfare is the redistribution of riches (Reamer ,.25 . The concentration of the society s wealth in a few members of the population is seen as a cause of social pr oblems However , distributive justice has had dissim! ilar connotations across time , and is not always seen as wicked or slander by some schools of thoughts (p . 26Another philosophical theme that Reamer discussed is the concept of welfare as a right or a privilege . There are philosophers who believe that welfare is a fundamental right of a person . This belief is composed of two traditions , the liberal and the radical . The liberal point of view believes that welfare is a right that arises out of or by virtue of the financial s contract of person in society . It is necessarily connected to concept of property rights and the right of the person to protect his property from state intervention . The radical viewpoint sees welfare as the certificate of people from both the great power of government and private property . It sees welfare as a right that is infinite and unconditional and spouses a communal vision of property rights (Reamer ,. 30On the flip side of the coin are those who believe that welfare is a matter of privileg e . The conservative viewpoint , for example , sees welfare as a charity not a right . This means that the members of the society cannot demand it of the state . It is lonesome(prenominal) through the benevolence of the state that welfare is condition (Reamer ,. 30Welfare as right or privilege only looks at the extreme sides of the identification number , there are those who look welfare as not as a right or as a charity . This is called the intermediate view . This viewpoint believes that welfare should be balanced against competing claims , such as political , social and economic ones (Reamer ,. 30Question 3 Social actors believe society has the responsibility to assist people in need , that people should be included in the making of finiss that affect their lives , that corroboratory change in people can be come through through artal help (Bradford , Sheaford and Scott ,br 143Bradford Sheaford and Scott believe in the signification of a person s set in the decision-making . They said that set affect the manner by which hum! an services organizations operates since set are the fundamental criteria that affects how the people in the organization makes their decisions (Bradford , et . al ,. 143Trying to secern which set are at work or relevant to the decision-making motion can be difficult because of several factors First , determine play a central part of the thought make Decision-making based on set is not a conscious effort it is difficult to identify which value influenced the decision-making service . Second , a person usually has encountering value . Some decisions may involve the friendliness of several determine and some of these set may not be compatible with each other . Third , the abstract may be different from the real situation . Certain decisions make favoring a particular value system may dissolver in a different outcome than what is intended . conk out , values change over time . As the social player matures in her firmament and acquired experiences in his or her indivi dualized and professional life , her value systems change . This means that his or her decisions in the later part of his or her life will have a different set of criteria from the ones made during the instead parts of his or her lifeBradford , Sheaford and Scott made the enumeration of the ten values that a social thespian moldinessinessinessiness possess . They are as followsCommitment to the primary importance of individual to society - A social worker moldiness(prenominal) believe in the inherent worthy of a person since the individual is the center of the drill . A social worker essential believe that every person is unique and moldiness tailor his or her service based on that uniquenessCommitment to social change to meet socially accept needs - A social worker s focus on the individual should not minimize his or her commitment to social change .
The social worker believes that society has the commerce to help peopleCommitment to social justice and the economic and physical well-being of all society - A social worker believes that each person have the right to participate in molding social institutions and decision butt against in the United States . A social worker essential believe that each person has a voice in the political process of the country . A social worker must also do to needs of the most vulnerable members of societyRespect and appreciation for the individual of different groups - A social worker recognizes the uniqueness of every individual and believes that renewing enrich the quality of life of the society . A social worker values a pluralistic society that can accommodate different beliefs , behaviors and customsCommitment to developing knob s energy themselves - A social wo rker believes that a person affected must be personally engaged in the process of change and must work actively to bring about such change . As a corollary , a social worker must have a belief in a person s inherent capacity to make affirmatory changes and that a person must take responsibility for his own actions . A social worker must also be adaptableWillingness to hold knowledge and skills to others - A social worker must help nodes change effectively by guiding the process . with this , a social worker prevents the node from sightly mutualist . A social worker must not only share his or her expertness with clients he or she must also share such knowledge with colleagues . A social worker must not hoard his or her expertise for to do so would be detrimental to the services provided by the organization to its clientsWillingness to keep personal feelings and needs come apart from professional family birth - A social worker must focus on the needs of clients and not on h is or her own personal difficulties . A social worker! must remain objective . The development of a personal relationship with a client is detrimental to the client since the latter losings the presence of an objective helperRespect for the confidentiality of relationships with clients - A social worker must provide the maximum level of egis on the data received from clients . Through his profession , a social worker is given access to sensitive information on the client s private life . A social worker has a concern to maintain the client s confidence in the professionWillingness to hold on in effort on behalf of clients despite frustrations - The client s situation do not develop quickly , uncomplete does it resolve itself easily . A social worker must value tenacityCommitment to a high standard of personal and professional transport - A social worker must assoil problem in a manner that protects the interest of the public , the agency , clients and the social worker (Bradford , et . al , pp . 143-151The authors also discusse d the areas of protection intercommunicate by the NASW tag of honorable motive . The Code of Ethics provides standards for the different aspects of a social worker s give . They are as follows (1 ) social workers honorable responsibilities to clients (2 ) social workers honourable responsibilities to colleagues (3 ) social workers ethical responsibilities in practice settings (4 ) social workers ethical responsibilities as professionals (5 ) social workers ethical responsibilities to the social work profession , and (6 ) social workers ethical responsibilities to the broader society (Bradford , et . al , pp 152-153Reamers defined the nature of morals as what is chastely right and wrong He said that normative ethics has the most direct bearing on social work since it involves the application of moral concepts and principles on what is morally right or wrong in professional practice (Reamer ,br 45-46Reamer said that there are three normative testify/write heads under which normative ethics is subsumed . These are defi! nitive , distributive and substantive questionsAuthoritative questions knotty the decision on whether to interact or not in the client s life . This decision is affected by three factors technical , empirical and ethical . The technical factors involve the experiences of the social worker in his or her practice . It concerns what is called practice wiseness and accumulates through time and practice . The empirical factors relate to experience . The ethical factors are those which involve the determination of what is morally right and wrong . All these factors come into play before the social worker decides whether or not to intervene in the life of a particular client (Reamer br. 49Distributive questions are convoluted in decisions such as which interest should the social worker be concerned with and the manner by which the goods and resources will be divided among recipients . Reamer did not deport that providing help to other members of the society is an ethical promise . kind of he presented both sides of the arguments . If we work out that people have an ethical obligation to help other people in need , we need to consider that extent to which such an obligation is morally good . If we suppose , as a corollary , that government has an ethical obligation to provide aid to its needy citizens , we must consider the extent to which government must provide aid to its citizens . On the other hand , if we consider that people do not have an ethical obligation to help others in need , then we are look that all aid given to the portion of the population in need will be on a purely voluntary basis (Reamer , pp . 50-51In relation to this issue , Reamer discussed the tyrannical and negative obligations . These are the contradicting obligations of barter to give aid and the responsibleness to respect a person s right to freedom from interference (Reamer ,. 51Substantive questions are involved in decisions on which actions and resources are worthy an d good on their own account and for what reasons (Rea! mer ,. 65 . Reamer made a distinction between the determination of which actions are good and which resources are good The former requires the consideration of whether the action is right wrong or obligatory . An example of this question usually involves the consideration of whether to interfere on the client s life or not . The latter requires the determination of whether or not the resources are morally good or questioning . An example of this question is whether a particular social program is good or bad (Reamer , pp . 65-66In relation to his discussion of substantive questions , Reamer discussed the issue of conflict of vocation . He presented the classification between prima facie duty and unquestionable duty . Prima facie duty is a duty that we should perform outside of any ethical considerations while actual duty is the product of an attempt to consort two or more conflicting prima facie dutiesAs shown by the discussion above , Bradford , Sheaford and Scott concentrated i n discussing the accepted values and ethics of the profession . They presented the standards that have been determined by the modulate body of the profession or by the considered experts in the field . They accepted the values and ethics as to be morally good and do not question its appropriateness , duty or desirabilityWe can see that the Bradford , Sheaford and Scott is inclined to believe in the ten values that are enumerated in their book as the values that a social worker should have and that the Code of Ethics provided by NASW must be complied with by a social worker who wants to practice his or her profession in the straight and shrink pathOn the other hand , Reamer presented us with the questions that social workers a great deal face in the practice of their profession . He provided us with guidelines on how these questions are usually decided , such as the factors that come into play in the decision-making process . He told us that factors , other than ethical ones , c ome into play in the decision-making process . He mak! es no moral conclusions as to what is morally right or wrong , instead , he presented , the conflicting views out there , and the arguments for each . In certain cases , he provided criticisms on these schools of thought . But he did not make any moral or ethical decisions on the issues discussed on the book . He did not provide a list of morally acceptable behavior and belief . Instead Reamer left over(p) the decisions on what is morally good or bad to the social worker as each situation presents itself , but he provided the social worker with philosophical insights to aid the decision-making process .In many ways , Reamer s discussions are not only relevant to social workers . It is also relevant to those who take part in the making of policies in relation to social welfare . It provides a guide in the determination of what is good and desirable and also provides support for the determination reached . It also makes the decision-maker informed of the value judgments he is making while involved in the practice of social work or in the policy-making process . On the flip side , it provides an insight into how policies on social welfare are formed by the State ReferencesKernis , M . H , Cornell , D ., Sun , C . R , Berry , A Harlow , T (1993 . There s more to self-confidence than whether it is high or low : The importance of stability of self-pride . Journal of character and Social Psychology , 65 , 1190-1204 (Sample entrySocial Work PAGE 17 ...If you want to get a full phase of the lunation essay, order it on our website:
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